CAP, HCAP, HAP and VAP Diagnosis and Treatment HCAP GrepMed Metagenomics for the microbiological diagnosis of hospital acquired pneumonia and ventilator associated pneumonia (HAP VAP) in intensive care unit (ICU): a proof of concept study Respiratory Research Springer Nature Link Frontiers Advancements in alternative approaches to address antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pneumonia: a comprehensive review VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in